Canopy
Avocado
Persea americana
A productive canopy or low-tree fruit species for frost-sheltered subtropical and warm-temperate sites in Aotearoa. Central to many Bay of Plenty and Northland food forest designs.
Canopy
Chestnut
Castanea sativa
Chestnut offers nut tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Canopy
Honey Locust
Gleditsia triacanthos
Honey Locust offers multipurpose fodder and support tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Canopy
Ice Cream Bean
Inga edulis
Ice Cream Bean offers subtropical nitrogen-fixing fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Canopy
Karaka
Corynocarpus laevigatus
Karaka offers native shelter tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Canopy
Kowhai
Sophora microphylla and S. tetraptera
Kowhai offers native support tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Canopy
Macadamia
Macadamia integrifolia / M. tetraphylla
A long-lived evergreen nut tree for frost-sheltered warm sites. Slow to crop but valuable canopy structure and high-value kai where climate allows.
Canopy
Mulberry
Morus alba, M. rubra, and hybrids
Mulberry offers fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Canopy
Pecan
Carya illinoinensis
Pecan offers nut tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Canopy
Persimmon
Diospyros kaki
A handsome deciduous fruit tree suited to much of temperate Aotearoa. Astringent and non-astringent cultivars extend harvest into autumn and early winter.
Canopy
Puriri
Vitex lucens
Puriri offers native shelter and habitat tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Canopy
Titoki
Alectryon excelsus
Titoki offers native shelter tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Canopy
Walnut
Juglans regia
Walnut offers nut tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Climber layer
Choko
Sechium edule
A rampant warm-season climber with mild edible fruit. Excellent vertical cover and bulk kai where frost-free seasons are long enough.
Climber layer
Grape
Vitis vinifera / V. hybrids
A deciduous fruiting climber for sunny walls and pergolas. Table and wine types cover a wide NZ climate range with cultivar matching.
Climber layer
Hops
Humulus lupulus
Hops offers perennial brewing and shoot climber value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Climber layer
Kiwi
Actinidia deliciosa / A. chinensis
A vigorous deciduous climber iconic to the Bay of Plenty. Needs strong support, male and female vines (or self-fertile types), and wind-aware siting.
Climber layer
Malabar Spinach
Basella alba
Malabar Spinach offers warm-season leafy climber value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Climber layer
Passionfruit
Passiflora edulis
A vigorous evergreen climber for warm, frost-sheltered fences and trellises. Delivers aromatic fruit where winters are mild enough.
Climber layer
Scarlet Runner Bean
Phaseolus coccineus
Scarlet Runner Bean offers perennial or annual bean value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Fungi and decomposers
Oyster Mushroom Log
Pleurotus ostreatus group
Oyster Mushroom Log offers edible mushroom log or bucket value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Fungi and decomposers
Shiitake Log
Lentinula edodes
Shiitake Log offers edible mushroom log value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Fungi and decomposers
Wine Cap Mushroom
Stropharia rugosoannulata
Wine Cap Mushroom offers edible mushroom bed value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Groundcover layer
Alpine Strawberry
Fragaria vesca
Alpine Strawberry offers berry groundcover value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Groundcover layer
Cranberry
Vaccinium macrocarpon
Cranberry offers acid berry groundcover value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Groundcover layer
Creeping Thyme
Thymus serpyllum
Creeping Thyme offers culinary groundcover herb value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Groundcover layer
NZ Dichondra
Dichondra repens
NZ Dichondra offers native-style living mulch value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Groundcover layer
Gotu Kola
Centella asiatica
Gotu Kola offers moist medicinal herb groundcover value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Groundcover layer
Nasturtium
Tropaeolum majus
A cheerful self-seeding groundcover and living mulch. Edible flowers and leaves add salad interest while covering soil.
Groundcover layer
NZ spinach
Tetragonia tetragonioides
A salt-tolerant indigenous leafy groundcover. Useful edible greens for coastal and dry sunny edges when harvested young and cooked appropriately.
Groundcover layer
Strawberry
Fragaria × ananassa
A productive groundcover berry for sunny edges and guild understories. Soft fruit needs bird netting and tidy runner management.
Groundcover layer
Sweet Woodruff
Galium odoratum
Sweet Woodruff offers shade groundcover herb value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Groundcover layer
Sweet Violet
Viola odorata
Sweet Violet offers edible flower groundcover value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Groundcover layer
White clover
Trifolium repens
A classic nitrogen-fixing living mulch for temperate orchard floors. Fixes nitrogen, feeds bees and softens bare soil between trees.
Herbaceous layer
Asparagus
Asparagus officinalis
Asparagus offers perennial vegetable value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Banana
Musa spp.
Fast-growing herbaceous ‘tree’ for frost-free or frost-managed subtropical pockets. Creates a lush microclimate and fits banana-circle patterns.
Herbaceous layer
Borage
Borago officinalis
A self-seeding annual herb with bee-magnet flowers and edible blooms. Excellent insectary plant for temperate food forest edges.
Herbaceous layer
Calendula
Calendula officinalis
Calendula offers edible flower and insectary annual value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Cardoon
Cynara cardunculus
Cardoon offers perennial vegetable and biomass plant value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
German Chamomile
Matricaria chamomilla
German Chamomile offers tea herb and insectary annual value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Chicory
Cichorium intybus
Chicory offers perennial leafy green and root herb value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Chives
Allium schoenoprasum
A compact perennial allium for culinary use and orchard understoreys. Soft onion flavour and purple flowers that bees visit.
Herbaceous layer
Comfrey
Symphytum × uplandicum
A classic dynamic accumulator and chop-and-drop plant for food forest understoreys. Supports fertility cycling around fruit trees.
Herbaceous layer
Dandelion
Taraxacum officinale
Dandelion offers edible weed and dynamic herb value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Dill
Anethum graveolens
Dill offers annual herb value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Echinacea
Echinacea purpurea
Echinacea offers medicinal flower perennial value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Egyptian Walking Onion
Allium x proliferum
Egyptian Walking Onion offers perennial allium value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Fennel
Foeniculum vulgare
Fennel offers aromatic herb value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Garlic
Allium sativum
Garlic offers bulb crop value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Globe Artichoke
Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus
Globe Artichoke offers perennial vegetable value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Good King Henry
Blitum bonus-henricus
Good King Henry offers perennial leafy green value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Harakeke
Phormium tenax
A foundational indigenous structural plant for fibre, habitat and wind-edge planting. Valued for weaving and ecology — not marketed here as a fruit crop.
Herbaceous layer
Lemon Balm
Melissa officinalis
Lemon Balm offers aromatic herb value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Lemongrass
Cymbopogon citratus
A clumping aromatic grass for warm sheltered gardens. Culinary stems and leaves plus useful edge biomass in subtropical food forests.
Herbaceous layer
Lovage
Levisticum officinale
Lovage offers perennial culinary herb value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Lupin
Lupinus spp. (incl. L. arboreus / garden hybrids as appropriate)
Nitrogen-fixing herbaceous or shrubby legumes used for soil building and bee forage. Choose sterile or non-invasive types and follow local weed guidance.
Herbaceous layer
Mint
Mentha species and hybrids
Mint offers culinary herb value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Stinging Nettle
Urtica dioica
Stinging Nettle offers mineral-rich leafy green and insect plant value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Oregano
Origanum vulgare
A drought-tolerant Mediterranean culinary herb for sunny dry edges. Useful living mulch and insectary in free-draining food forest margins.
Herbaceous layer
Perennial Leek
Allium ampeloprasum
Perennial Leek offers perennial allium value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Plantain
Plantago lanceolata and P. major
Plantain offers edible weed and support herb value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Red Clover
Trifolium pratense
Red Clover offers nitrogen-fixing insectary herb value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Rhubarb
Rheum rhabarbarum
Rhubarb offers perennial vegetable value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Salad Burnet
Sanguisorba minor
Salad Burnet offers perennial salad herb value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Sorrel
Rumex acetosa
Sorrel offers perennial leafy green value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Thyme
Thymus vulgaris
Thyme offers culinary herb value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Herbaceous layer
Turmeric
Curcuma longa
A frost-tender rhizome crop for warm, sheltered, moist niches. Grown for culinary rhizomes and lush understorey foliage where heat allows.
Herbaceous layer
Yarrow
Achillea millefolium
A tough perennial herb used as an insectary and dynamic accumulator in temperate food forests. Spreads into a useful edge and pathway plant.
Low-tree layer
Almond
Prunus dulcis
Almond offers nut tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Apple
Malus domestica
The classic temperate fruit tree for Aotearoa. Rootstock and cultivar choice let apples fit suburban low-tree layers through to cooler inland orchards.
Low-tree layer
Apricot
Prunus armeniaca
Apricot offers stone fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Babaco
Vasconcellea x heilbornii
Babaco offers subtropical fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Bay Laurel
Laurus nobilis
Bay Laurel offers culinary evergreen tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Carob
Ceratonia siliqua
Carob offers mediterranean pod tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Cherimoya
Annona cherimola
Cherimoya offers subtropical fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Coffee
Coffea arabica
Coffee offers subtropical beverage shrub value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Damson
Prunus domestica subsp. insititia
Damson offers stone fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Fig
Ficus carica
Fig offers fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Grapefruit
Citrus x paradisi
Grapefruit offers citrus fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Greengage
Prunus domestica Italica Group
Greengage offers stone fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Hazelnut
Corylus avellana
Hazelnut offers nut shrub or small tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Jujube
Ziziphus jujuba
Jujube offers drought-tolerant fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Kanuka
Kunzea ericoides aggregate
Kanuka offers native nurse and bee plant value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Karo
Pittosporum crassifolium
Karo offers coastal native shelter tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Kumquat
Citrus japonica
Kumquat offers citrus fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Lemon
Citrus limon
A productive citrus for warm, sheltered sites. Provides year-round culinary value and fits the low-tree or shrub layer depending on rootstock and pruning.
Low-tree layer
Lime
Citrus aurantiifolia and Citrus latifolia
Lime offers citrus fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Loquat
Eriobotrya japonica
An evergreen low tree with fragrant winter flowers and early spring fruit. Suits frost-sheltered warm-temperate gardens across northern and coastal NZ.
Low-tree layer
Mandarin
Citrus reticulata
Sweet, easy-peel citrus for sheltered warm gardens. Works in the low-tree layer beside other citrus and nitrogen-fixing shrubs.
Low-tree layer
Manuka
Leptospermum scoparium
Manuka offers native nurse and bee plant value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Medlar
Mespilus germanica
Medlar offers unusual pome fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Moringa
Moringa oleifera
Moringa offers frost-tender leaf and pod tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Nashi
Pyrus pyrifolia
Nashi offers fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Nectarine
Prunus persica var. nucipersica
Nectarine offers stone fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Ngaio
Myoporum laetum
Ngaio offers coastal native shelter tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Olive
Olea europaea
An evergreen oil and table-fruit tree for sunny, free-draining, frost-managed sites. Best where summers are warm and winters not severely wet and cold.
Low-tree layer
Orange
Citrus sinensis
Orange offers citrus fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Peach
Prunus persica
Peach offers stone fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Pear
Pyrus communis / P. pyrifolia
Deciduous pear for temperate food forests. European and nashi types extend flavour and harvest windows across much of Aotearoa.
Low-tree layer
Plum
Prunus domestica / P. salicina
Fast-fruiting deciduous stonefruit for temperate food forests. European and Japanese types cover a wide NZ climate range with the right cultivar and chill.
Low-tree layer
Pomegranate
Punica granatum
Pomegranate offers mediterranean fruit shrub or tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Quince
Cydonia oblonga
Quince offers pome fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Sour Cherry
Prunus cerasus
Sour Cherry offers stone fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Sweet Cherry
Prunus avium
Sweet Cherry offers stone fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Tagasaste
Chamaecytisus palmensis
A hardy nitrogen-fixing small tree used for shelter, fodder and nurse functions. Useful on exposed edges while longer-term canopy establishes.
Low-tree layer
Tamarillo
Solanum betaceum
Tamarillo offers subtropical fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Tangelo
Citrus reticulata x C. paradisi
Tangelo offers citrus fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Tarata Lemonwood
Pittosporum eugenioides
Tarata Lemonwood offers native shelter tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Taupata
Coprosma repens
Taupata offers coastal native shelter shrub value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Tea
Camellia sinensis
Tea offers beverage shrub value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
White Sapote
Casimiroa edulis
White Sapote offers subtropical fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Low-tree layer
Yuzu
Citrus junos
Yuzu offers citrus fruit tree value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Root layer
Chinese Artichoke
Stachys affinis
Chinese Artichoke offers small tuber crop value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Root layer
Ginger
Zingiber officinale
A frost-tender culinary rhizome for warm sheltered understoreys. Needs a long warm season and rich moist soil.
Root layer
Horseradish
Armoracia rusticana
Horseradish offers pungent root crop value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Root layer
Jerusalem Artichoke
Helianthus tuberosus
Jerusalem Artichoke offers tuber crop value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Root layer
Kūmara
Ipomoea batatas
A warm-season root crop and sprawling groundcover. Central to Māori and Pacific gardens; needs heat and a frost-free growing window.
Root layer
Mashua
Tropaeolum tuberosum
Mashua offers andean tuber crop value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Root layer
Oca
Oxalis tuberosa
An Andean tuber for cool temperate gardens. Forms tubers in short days; useful root diversity where potatoes already grow.
Root layer
Scorzonera
Scorzonera hispanica
Scorzonera offers perennial root vegetable value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Root layer
Taro
Colocasia esculenta
A moisture-loving root and leaf crop for damp, frost-managed niches. Valued in Pacific food cultures and useful in wet-area food forest pockets.
Root layer
Ulluco
Ullucus tuberosus
Ulluco offers andean tuber crop value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Root layer
Yacon
Smallanthus sonchifolius
A tall Andean root crop with crisp, sweet storage roots. Suits temperate NZ gardens with a long enough season to fill tubers before frost.
Shrub layer
Blackberry
Rubus fruticosus aggregate
Blackberry offers berry value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Blackcurrant
Ribes nigrum
Blackcurrant offers berry value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Blueberry
Vaccinium corymbosum / V. ashei
Acid-loving berry shrubs for sunny food forest edges and dedicated beds. Highbush and rabbiteye types cover a wide NZ climate range with soil care.
Shrub layer
Boysenberry
Rubus ursinus x idaeus hybrid
Boysenberry offers cane berry value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Cape Gooseberry
Physalis peruviana
Cape Gooseberry offers berry-like fruiting perennial value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Chilean Guava
Ugni molinae
Chilean Guava offers berry value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Chilean Wineberry
Aristotelia chilensis
Chilean Wineberry offers berry value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Curry Leaf Tree
Murraya koenigii
Curry Leaf Tree offers culinary leaf shrub value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Elderberry
Sambucus nigra
A fast deciduous shrub for edges and wildlife habitat. Flowers and cooked berries are traditional kitchen uses; raw berries are not eaten.
Shrub layer
Feijoa
Acca sellowiana
A tough, productive shrub or small tree widely grown across Aotearoa. Excellent for boundaries, wind reduction and reliable autumn kai.
Shrub layer
Goji
Lycium barbarum
Goji offers berry value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Gooseberry
Ribes uva-crispa
Gooseberry offers berry value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Guava
Psidium guajava
A fragrant fruiting shrub or small tree for frost-free to lightly frosted warm pockets. Intensely aromatic fruit where heat and shelter align.
Shrub layer
Horopito
Pseudowintera colorata
Horopito offers native peppery shrub value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Jostaberry
Ribes x nidigrolaria
Jostaberry offers berry value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Kawakawa
Piper excelsum
Kawakawa offers native aromatic shrub value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Lavender
Lavandula angustifolia and hybrids
Lavender offers aromatic herb shrub value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Lemon Verbena
Aloysia citrodora
Lemon Verbena offers aromatic herb shrub value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Loganberry
Rubus x loganobaccus
Loganberry offers cane berry value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Pigeon pea
Cajanus cajan
A short-lived nitrogen-fixing shrub for warm sites. Provides biomass, light shade and edible seeds where summers are long enough.
Shrub layer
Pineapple Sage
Salvia elegans
Pineapple Sage offers aromatic herb shrub value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Raspberry
Rubus idaeus
Cane fruit for temperate food forest edges and sunny allotment rows. Summer and autumn types extend harvest with simple trellis support.
Shrub layer
Redcurrant
Ribes rubrum
Redcurrant offers berry value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Rosemary
Salvia rosmarinus
Rosemary offers culinary herb shrub value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Rugosa Rose
Rosa rugosa
Rugosa Rose offers rose hip shrub value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Sea Buckthorn
Hippophae rhamnoides
Sea Buckthorn offers berry and nitrogen-fixing shrub value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.
Shrub layer
Silvanberry
Rubus hybrid
Silvanberry offers cane berry value for NZ food forests when matched honestly to climate, soil, and maintenance.